Krok 1 – 2014 Base(Physiology)

Patient with hypersecretion of the gastric juices was recomended to exclude from the diet concentrated bouillons and vegetable decoctions because of their stimulation of gastric secretion. What is dominating mechanism of stimulation of secretion in this case?

Person felt thirsty after staying in heat for a long time. Signals of what receptors caused it first of all?

While emotional excitement the heart rate in a 30-year-old person run up to 112 Bpm. What part of the conducting system of the heart caused it?

A 38-year-old woman was admitted to the admission-diagnostic department with uterine bleeding. What are the most likely changes of blood?

Due to action of electric current on the exitable cell there appeared depolarization of it’s membrane. Movement of what ions through the membrane caused depolarisation?

On experiment on the dog the peripheral part of nervus vagus of the neck was irritated. What changes of the heart function would be observed?

Power inputs of a boy increased from 500 to 2000 kJ pro hour. What can be the cause of it?  

In a young man during exercise, the minute oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide emission equalled to 1000 ml. What substrates are oxidized in the cells of his body?

In the experiment on the animal the part of the cerebral cortex hemispheres was removed. It caused elimination of previously formed conditioned reflex to the light irritation. What part of the cortex was removed?

Inhibition of alpha-motoneuron of the extensor muscles was noticed after stimulation of alpha-motoneuron of the flexor muscles during the experiment on the spinal column. What type of inhibition can this process cause?

Respiratory coefficient was studied in the patient who strictly kept certain diet for 10 days. It was determined that it is 1. What diet does the patient follow?

A sportsman spontaneously held breath for 40 seconds, which resulted in an increase in heart rate and systemic arterial pressure. Changes of these indicators are due to activation of the following regulatory mechanisms:

Punctata hemorrhage was found out in the patient after application of a tourniquet. With disfunction of what blood cells is it connected?

Students who are taking examinations often have dry mouth. The mechanism that causes this state is the realization of the following reflexes:

Middle part of cochlear of internal ear was destroyed in animal while experiment. It will cause abnormalities of the sound perception of the following frequencies:

The temperature of the ambient environment is 38oC and relative air humidity is 50%. What ways of heat emission provide maintaining a constant temperature of the human body?

The minute blood volume in a patient with transplanted heart has increased as a result of physical activity. What regulative mechanism is responsible for these changes?

Isolated muscle of a frog is rhythmically irritated with electric impulses. Every next impulse is in a period of relaxation from the previus contraction. What contraction of the muscle appears?

A 30 year old woman has subnormal concentration of enzymes in the pancreatic juice. This might be caused by the hyposecretion of the following gastrointestinal hormone:

A patient has a trauma of sternocleidomastoid muscle. This caused a decrease in value of the following indicator of external respiration:

A man has normal sensitivity of his finger skin, however he doesn’t sense his wedding ring around the finger. What process induced by wearing of the ring has caused this phenomenon?

An aged man had raise of arterial pressure under a stress. It was caused by activation of:  

A month after surgical constriction of rabbit’s renal artery the considerable increase of  systematic arterial pressure was observed. What of the following regulation mechanisms caused the animal’s pressure change?

A child has abnormal formation of tooth enamel and dentin as a result of low concentration of calcium ions in blood. Such abnormalities might be caused by deficiency of the following  hormone:

A sportsman was examined after an intensive physical activity. The examination revealed disorder of movement coordination but the force of muscle contractions remained the same. It can be explained by retarded speed of excitement conduction through:

After a long training session a sportsman has developed fatigue accompanied by abrupt performance decrement. What link of the reflex arch was the fatigue initiated in?

ECG study showed that the $T$-waves were positive in the standard extremity leads, their amplitude and duration were normal. The right conclusion would be that the following process runs normally in the heart ventricles:

Blood minute volume of a 30 year old woman at rest is 5 l/m. What blood volume is pumped through the pulmonary vessels per minute?

As a result of long-term starvation the glomerular filtration of a man was accelerated by 20\%. The most probable cause of filtration changes under such conditions is:

In course of an experiment a skeletal muscle is being stimulated by a series of electric impulses.What type of muscle contraction will arise, if every subsequent impulse comes in the period of shortening of the previous single muscle contraction?

A patient under test was subjected to a moderate physical stress. His minute blood volume amounted 10 l/min. What blood volume was pumped through his lung vessels every minute?

A patient presents with the following motor activity disturbances: tremor, ataxia and asynergia movements, dysarthria. The disturbances are most likely to be localized in:

A man has a considerable decrease in diuresis as a result of 1,5 l blood loss. The primary cause of such diuresis disorder is the hypersecretion of the following hormone:

An animal experiment is aimed at studying the cardiac cycle. All the heart valves are closed. What phase of the cycle is characterized by this status?

While shifting the gaze to the closely situated object the refracting power of eye’s optical mediums will increase by 10 diopters. It results from changing of such eye structure:

Spasm of smooth muscle of bronchi developed in the patient. Usage of activators of what membrane cytoreceptors is fisiologically valid to decrease attack?

On examination of the person it was revealed that minute volume of heart is 3500mL, systolic volume is 50 mL. What is the frequency of cardiac contraction?

Due to activation of ion channels of external membrane of excitable cell it’s rest potential has significantly increased. What channels were activated?

The ventral roots of 5 frontal segment of spinal cord were cut during experiment in the animal. What changes will take place in the innervation region?

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) increased for 20% due to prolonged starvation of the person. The most likely cause of filtration changes under this conditions is:

A patient has a transverse disruption of spinal cord below the IV thoracic segment. What changes of respiration will it cause?

A lightly dressed man is standing in a room, air temperature is +$14^0C$, windows and doors are closed. In what way does he emit heat the most actively?

ECG of a patient with hyperfunction of thyroid gland showed heart hurry. It is indicated by depression of the following ECG element:

A peripheral segment of vagus nerve on a dog’s neck was being stimulated in course of an experiment. The following changes of cardiac activity could be meanwhile observed:

ECG of a patient shows prolongation of T-wave. This is caused by deceleration in ventricles of: 

In a healthy adult speed of the excitement conduction through the atrioventricular node is 0,02-0,05 m/sec. Atrioventricular delay enables:

A 2 y.o. child has convulsions as a result of lowered concentration of calcium ions in blood plasma. It is caused by reduced function of:

During preparation of a patient to a heart surgery it was necessary to measure pressure in heart chambers. In one of them pressure varied from 0 mm Hg up to 120 mm Hg within one cardiac cycle. What heart chamber is it?

Heart rate of a man permanently equals 40 beats pro minute. What is the pacemaker?  

Stimulation of an excitable cell by the electric current has led to the depolarization of its membrane. The depolarization has been caused mainly by the following ions penetrating into the cell through its membrane:

Parents of a 10 y.o. boy consulted a doctor about extension of hair-covering, growth of beard and moustache, low voice. Intensified secretion of which hormone must be assumed?

Lung ventilation in a person is increased as a result of physical activity. Which of the following indices of the external respiration is much higher than in a state of rest?

A man took a quiet expiration. Name an air volume that is meanwhile contained in his lungs:  

Examination of an isolated cardiomyocyte revealed that it didn’t generate excitation impulses automatically. This cardiomyocyte was obtained from:

Examination of a man established that cardiac output equaled 3500 ml, systolic output – 50 ml. What is the man’s heart rate pro minute?

As a result of continuous starvation the glomerular filtration rate has increased by 20\%. The most probable cause of the glomerular filtration alteration under the mentioned conditions is:

A man who went for a ride on a roundabout had amplification of heart rate, sweating and nausea. What receptors stimulation is it primarily connected with?

A man’s intrapleural pressure is being measured. In what phase did the man hold his breath, if his pressure is 7,5 cm Hg?

Atria of an experimental animal were superdistended by blood that resulted in decreased reabsorption of Na+ and water in renal tubules. This can be explained by the influence of the following factor upon kidneys:

A middle-aged man went to a foreign country because he had been offered a job there. However he had been unemployed for quite a long time. What endocrine glands were exhausted most of all in this man?

A 42 year old patient complains of pain in the epigastral area, vomiting; vomit masses have the colour of “coffee-grounds”, the patient has also melena. Anamnesis records gastric ulcer. Blood formula: erythrocytes – 2,8*1012/l, leukocytes – 8*109/l, Hb- 90 g/l. What complication is it?

A human body cools in water much faster that in the air. What way of heat emission in water is much more efficient?

As a result of spinal-cord trauma a 33 y.o. man has a disturbed pain and temperature sensitivity that is caused by damage of the following tract:

After a surgery a 36-year-old woman was given an intravenous injection of concentrated albumin solution. This has induced intensified water movement in the following direction:

A clinic observes a 49 year old patient with significant prolongation of coagulation time, gastrointestinal haemorrhages, subcutaneous hematomas. These symptoms might be explained by the deficiency of the following vitamin:

Examination of a patient revealed hyperkaliemia and hyponatremia. Low secretion of which hormone may cause such changes?

Examination of a 43 y.o. anephric patient revealed anemia symptoms. What is the cause of these symptoms?

While determining power inputs of a patient’s organism it was established that the respiratory coefficient equaled 1,0. This means that in the cells of the patient the following substances are mainly oxidized:

A patient has a disturbed absorbtion of fat hydrolysates. It might have been caused by a deficit in the small intestine cavity:

Inhabitants of territories with cold climate have high content of an adaptive thermoregulatory hormone. What hormone is meant?

A concentrated solution of sodium chloride was intravenously injected to an animal. This caused decreased reabsorption of sodium ions in the renal tubules. It is the result of the following changes of hormonal secretion:

People adapted to high external temperatures have such pecularity: profuse sweating isn’t accompanied by loss of large volumes of sodium chloride. This is caused by the effect of the following hormone upon the perspiratory glands:

The processes of heat transfer in a naked person at room temperature have been studied. It was revealed that under these conditions the greatest amount of heat is transferred by:

During an experiment the dorsal roots of the spinal cord of an animal have been cut. What changes will be observed in the innervation zone?

As a result of destruction of certain brainstem structures an animal has lost its orientative reflexes in response to strong photic stimuli. What structures were destroyed?

As a result of damage to certain structures of brainstem an animal lost orientation reflexes. What structures were damaged?

Urine analysis has shown high levels of protein and erythrocytes in urine. This can be caused by  the following:

Osmotic pressure of a man’s blood plasma is 350 mosmole/l (standard pressure is 300 mosmole/l). First of all it will result in high secretion of the following hormone:

After a craniocerebral injury a patient is unable to recognize objects by touch. What part of brain has been damaged?

A hypertensive glucose solution was introduced to a patient. It will intensify water movement:   

To prevent long-term effects of 4-day malaria a 42-year-old patient was prescribed primaquine. On the 3-rd day from the begin of treatment there appeared stomach and heart pains, dyspepsia, general cyanosis, hemoglobinuria. What caused side effects of the preparation?

According to audiometry data a patient has a disturbed perception of medium-frequency sounds. It might have been caused by a damage of:

A 17-year-old boy fell seriously ill, body temperature rose up to 38,5oС, there is cough, rhinitis, lacrimation, nasal discharges. What kind of inflammation is it?

A patient with disturbed cerebral circulation has problems with deglutition. What part of brain was damaged?

A patient who has been treated with diazepam on account of neurosis complains of toothache. Doctor administered him an analgetic, but its dose was lower than average therapeutic dose. What phenomenon did the doctor take into account while prescribing the patient an underdose?

Long-term starvation cure of a patient resulted in diminished ratio of albumines and globulines in plasma. What of the following will be result of these changes?

A patient has a decreased vasopressin synthesis that causes polyuria and as a result of it evident organism dehydratation. What is the mechanism of polyuria development?

A 35 year old man consulted a dentist about reduced density of dental tissue, high fragility of teeth during eating solid food. This patient suffers the most probably from the deficiency of the following mineral element:

A patient is 44 years old. Laboratory examination of his blood revealed that content of proteins in plasma was 40 g/l. What influence will be exerted on the transcapillary water exchange?

A patient has a critical impairment of protein, fat and hydrocarbon digestion. Most likely it has been caused by low secretion of the following digestive juice:

After destruction of CNS structures an animal lost orientative reflexes. What structure was destroyed?

An isolated cell of human heart automatically generates excitation impulses with frequency 60 times pro minute. What structure does this cell belong to?

A patient has a traumatic injury of sternocleidomastoid muscle. This has resulted in a decrease in the following value:

Examination of a patient revealed a strong, balanced, inert type of higher nervous activity according to Pavlov. What temperament type does the patient have (according to Hippocrates classification)?

The receptors under study provide transfer of information to the cortex without thalamic involvement. Specify these receptors:

Examination of a patient revealed overgrowth of facial bones and soft tissues, tongue enlargement, wide interdental spaces in the enlarged dental arch. What changes of the hormonal secretion are the most likely?

A patient has a haemorrhage into the posterior central gyrus. What type of sensitivity on the opposite side will be disturbed?

A 32-year-old patient consulted a doctor about the absence of lactation after parturition. Such disorder might be explained by the deficit of the following hormone:

During influenza epidemic 40% of pupils who didn’t go in for sports were affected by the disease, and among the pupils who regularly did physical exercises this index was only 20\%. What adaptative mechanisms determined such a low sickness rate of pupils participating in the sports?

A 60 year old patient was found to have a dysfunction of main digestive enzyme of saliva. This causes the disturbance of primary hydrolysis of:

A 49 year old woman spent a lot of time standing. As a result of it she got leg edema. What is the most likely cause of the edema?

A patient presented to a hospital with complaints about quick fatigability and significant muscle weakness. Examination revealed an autoimmune disease that causes functional disorder of receptors in the neuromuscular synapses. This will result in the disturbed activity of the following mediator:

A 30-year-old woman was diagnosed with insufficiency of exocrinous function of pancreas. Hydrolisis of what nutrients will be disturbed?

During an animal experiment, surgical damage of certain brain structures has caused deep prolonged sleep. What structure is most likely to cause such condition, if damaged?

Short-term physical activity resulted in reflex amplification of heart rate and raise of systemic arterial pressure. What receptors activation was the main cause of pressor reflex realization?

In course of an experiment a skeletal muscle is being stimulated by a series of electric impulses.What type of muscle contraction will arise, if every subsequent impulse comes in the period of relaxation of single muscle contraction?

A patient takes cholagogues. What other process besides biliary excretion will be stimulated?

Packed cell volume of a man was 40% before the trauma. What packed cell volume will be observed 24 hours after blood loss of 750 ml?

A patient staggers and walks astraddle. He has hypomyotonia of arm and leg muscles, staccato speech. In what brain section is this affection localized?

A pregnant woman had her blood group identified. Reaction of erythrocyte agglutination with standard serums of 0αβ (I), Bα (III) groups didn’t proceed with standard serum of Aβ (II) group. The blood group under examination is:

Blood group of a 30 year old man was specified before an operation. His blood is Rh-positive. Reaction of erythrocyte agglutination was absent with standard sera of 0αβ (I), Аβ (II), Вα (III) groups. The blood under examination is of the following group:

During an experiment the myotatic reflex has been studied in frogs. After extension in a skeletal muscle its reflectory contraction was absent. The reason for it might be a dysfunction of the following receptors:

Vagus branches that innervate heart are being stimulated in course of an experiment. As a result of it the excitement conduction from atria to the ventricles was brought to a stop. It is caused by electrophysical changes in the following structures:

If a man has an attack of bronchiospasm it is necessary to reduce the effect of vagus on smooth muscles of bronchi. What membrane cytoreceptors should be blocked for this purpose?

When water affects mucous membrane of the inferior nasal meatuses, this causes “diver reflex” that provokes:

A man weighs 80 kg, after long physical activity his circulating blood volume is reduced down to 5,4 l, hematocrit makes up 50%, whole blood protein is 80 g/l. These blood characteristics are determined first of all by:

A 16 year old boy after an illness has diminished function of protein synthesis in liver as a result of vitamin K deficiency. It will cause disturbance of:

In response to a change in body position from horizontal to vertical blood circulation system develops reflectory pressor reaction. Which of the following is its compulsory component?

Examination of a pregnant woman revealed twice as much concentration of fibrinogen in blood plasm. What ESR can this woman have?

Introduction of a big dose of histamine to an experimental animal caused abrupt drop of arterial pressure as a result of:

Systemic arterial pressure of an adult dropped from 120/70 to 90/50 mm Hg that led to reflectory vasoconstriction. The vasoconstriction will be maximal in the following organ:

Microelectrode technique allowed to register a potential following “all-or-none” law and being able of undecremental spreading. Specify this potential:

Vagus branches that innervate heart are being stimulated during an experiment. This caused reduction of heart rate due to the intensification of the following process (through the cell membrane of cardiac pacemaker):

Rest potential of a cell equals -80 mV. At what stage of action potential did the membrane potential equal +30 mV?

A 35 year old man got an injury that caused complete disruption of spinal cord at the level of the first cervical segment. What respiration changes will be observed?

A doctor asked a patient to breath out fully after taking a normal breath. What muscles contract during such exhalation?

A man was intoxicated with mushrooms. They contain muscarine that stimulates muscarinic cholinoreceptors. What symptoms signalize intoxication with inedible mushrooms?

A man presents with increased heart rate, mydriatic pupils, dry mouth. This condition results from the activation of the following system of function regulation:

In course of an experiment a peripheral section of vagus of an expiremental animal is being stimulated. What changes will be observed?

Voluntary breath-holding caused increase of respiration depth and frequency. The main factor stimulating these changes of external respiration is:

A patient has delayed conduction of excitement through the atrioventricular node. What changes of ECG will be observed?

Surface with an intact toad on it was inclined to the right. Tone of extensor muscles became reflectory higher due to the activation of the following receptors:

In course of an experiment a toad’s right labyrinth was destroyed. It will cause amyotonia of the following muscles:

An animal has an increased tonus of extensor muscles. This the result of intensified information transmission to the motoneurons of the spinal cord through the following descending pathways:

Workers of a hothouse farm work under conditions of unfavourable microclimate: air temperature is +37oC, relative humidity is 90%, air speed is 0,2 m/s. The way of heat emission under these conditions will be:

Lungs of a preterm infant have areas of atelectasis (pulmonary collapse). The main cause is:   

Vagi of an experimental animal were cut on both sides. What respiration changes will be observed?

A cardiac electric stimulator was implanted to a 75 year old man with heart rate of 40 bpm. Thereafter the heart rate rose up to 70 bpm. The electric stimulator has undertaken the function of the following heart part:

A patient came to the hospital complaining about quick fatigability and apparent muscle weakness. Examination revealed an autoimmune disease that causes disorder of functional receptor condition in neuromuscular synapses. What transmitter will be blocked?

Which muscle contraction will be observed in the upper extremity during holding (not moving) a load in a certain position?

Examination of a 35 year old patient revealed high acidity of gastric juice. What receptors should be blocked in order to reduce it?

A young woman who entered a production department where it strongly smelt of paints and varnishes had a bronchospasm. This reflex was caused by irritation of the following receptors:

A 60-year-old patient presents with weakened peristaltic activity of the bowels. Which of the following foodstuffs would stimulate peristalsis most of all?

An isolated muscle fiber is under examination. It was established that the threshold of stimulation force became significantly lower. What is the cause of this phenomenon?

It was established that agglutination of the recipient’s blood erythrocytes had been caused by the standard sera from the I and II groups. Serum from the III group as well as anti-Rh serum hadn‘t provoke any agglutination. Which blood group and rhesus is allowed to be transfused this recipient?

A patient consumed a lot of reach in proteins food that caused increase of rate of proteolytic enzymes of pancreatic juice. It is also accompanied by increase of rate of the following enzyme:

In course of an experiment thalamocortical tracts of an animal were cut. What type of sensory perception remained intact?

Due to the use of poor-quality measles vaccine for preventive vaccination, a 1-year-old child has developed an autoimmune renal injury. The urine was found to contain macromolecular proteins. What process of urine formation has been disturbed?

In course of an experiment there has been an increase in the nerve conduction velocity. This may be caused by an increase in the concentration of the following ions that are present in the solution around the cell:

A patient has increased thickness of alveolar-capillary membrane caused by a pathologic process. The direct consequence will be reduction of the following value: